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CrowLingo

FIG 2.1 — The Crow · Repertoire Atlas

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Browse 15 licensed originals. Compare two sources and sound pictures without guessing at a bird’s meaning.

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Choose a length you have time for, or search the catalog notes. Source labels are not an acoustically reviewed answer key; quiet and loud grunts still have no examples.

15 of 15 recordings match. 0 of 2 selected for comparison.

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Choose up to two originals below. Compare what you hear and what each source documents; this is not a similarity score, call translation or test of individual identity.

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Recording catalog

American crow · United States Geological Survey

8 seconds · full original

Catalog note: Call of Corvus brachyrhynchos (American Crow)

Open American crow · United States Geological Survey: audio, sound picture and source

American crow · United States Geological Survey

Field recording · 8 seconds
Frequency over time for american crow · united states geological survey. Read the source notes below for the archive's description.
Read left to right as time passes; higher marks represent higher frequencies. Colour shows recorded energy, not the bird’s intent. Recording levels affect brightness.

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Recording source and limits

Archive identifier: corvus-brachyrhynchos-call.

United States Geological Survey, date not supplied. Public domain.

Archive description: Call of Corvus brachyrhynchos (American Crow)

The group label comes from source metadata. Source observations, where supplied, are the recordist’s account; they are not a reviewed answer key or a translation.

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What this source documents

United States Geological Survey · Date not supplied · Public domain

Catalog note: Call of Corvus brachyrhynchos (American Crow) These notes may be abridged; inspect the original source.

Source group: Territorial caw. This is a metadata grouping, not a reviewed call meaning or an individual bird ID.

What to compare in the sound picture

Look for gaps between marks and where frequency bands appear over time. Files have different lengths and recording levels; the pictures do not share a calibrated loudness scale. A similar-looking mark does not establish similar intent. Pause freely and describe what you notice without assigning a message.

American crow · G McGrane

19.9 seconds · full original

Catalog note: Typical American Crow call. Recorded with parabolic mike.

Open American crow · G McGrane: audio, sound picture and source

American crow · G McGrane

Field recording · 20 seconds
Frequency over time for american crow · g mcgrane. Read the source notes below for the archive's description.
Read left to right as time passes; higher marks represent higher frequencies. Colour shows recorded energy, not the bird’s intent. Recording levels affect brightness.

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Recording source and limits

Archive identifier: american-crow.

G McGrane, 2004. Public domain.

Archive description: Typical American Crow call. Recorded with parabolic mike.

The group label comes from source metadata. Source observations, where supplied, are the recordist’s account; they are not a reviewed answer key or a translation.

Inspect the original recording and source notes

Open the original sound picture

What this source documents

G McGrane · 2004 · Public domain

Catalog note: Typical American Crow call. Recorded with parabolic mike. These notes may be abridged; inspect the original source.

Source group: Territorial caw. This is a metadata grouping, not a reviewed call meaning or an individual bird ID.

What to compare in the sound picture

Look for gaps between marks and where frequency bands appear over time. Files have different lengths and recording levels; the pictures do not share a calibrated loudness scale. A similar-looking mark does not establish similar intent. Pause freely and describe what you notice without assigning a message.

XC112829 · American crow

135.3 seconds · full original

Catalog note: The recordist reports seeing the bird. No further behavior note is supplied in this catalog.

Open XC112829 · American crow: audio, sound picture and source

XC112829 · American crow

Field recording · 135 seconds
Frequency over time for xc112829 · american crow. Read the source notes below for the archive's description.
Read left to right as time passes; higher marks represent higher frequencies. Colour shows recorded energy, not the bird’s intent. Recording levels affect brightness.

Listen now. The observation and replay controls will be ready shortly.

Recording source and limits

Archive identifier: xc112829.

Jonathon Jongsma, 2012-11-16. CC BY-SA 3.0.

Archive description: bird-seen:yes

The group label comes from source metadata. Source observations, where supplied, are the recordist’s account; they are not a reviewed answer key or a translation.

Inspect the original recording and source notes

Open the original sound picture

What this source documents

Jonathon Jongsma · 2012-11-16 · CC BY-SA 3.0

Catalog note: The recordist reports seeing the bird. No further behavior note is supplied in this catalog. These notes may be abridged; inspect the original source.

Source group: Companion / contact. This is a metadata grouping, not a reviewed call meaning or an individual bird ID.

What to compare in the sound picture

Look for gaps between marks and where frequency bands appear over time. Files have different lengths and recording levels; the pictures do not share a calibrated loudness scale. A similar-looking mark does not establish similar intent. Pause freely and describe what you notice without assigning a message.

XC112598 · American crow

126.6 seconds · full original

Catalog note: A couple of crows calling from about 10m up in neighboring Cottonwood trees.

Open XC112598 · American crow: audio, sound picture and source

XC112598 · American crow

Field recording · 127 seconds
Frequency over time for xc112598 · american crow. Read the source notes below for the archive's description.
Read left to right as time passes; higher marks represent higher frequencies. Colour shows recorded energy, not the bird’s intent. Recording levels affect brightness.

Listen now. The observation and replay controls will be ready shortly.

Recording source and limits

Archive identifier: xc112598.

Jonathon Jongsma, 2012-11-12. CC BY-SA 3.0.

Archive description: A couple of crows calling from about 10m up in neighboring Cottonwood trees.

Source observations: The recordist describes a bird appearing to draw in air, bend its back and lower its bill toward its chest alongside quiet hoo-woo sounds at 1:52, 1:57 and 2:03. These are reported observations near the end of the full file, outside an opening eight-second excerpt. They do not establish the bird’s intent or a universal call meaning.

The group label comes from source metadata. Source observations, where supplied, are the recordist’s account; they are not a reviewed answer key or a translation.

Inspect the original recording and source notes

Open the original sound picture

What this source documents

Jonathon Jongsma · 2012-11-12 · CC BY-SA 3.0

Catalog note: A couple of crows calling from about 10m up in neighboring Cottonwood trees. These notes may be abridged; inspect the original source.

Reported observations: The recordist describes a bird appearing to draw in air, bend its back and lower its bill toward its chest alongside quiet hoo-woo sounds at 1:52, 1:57 and 2:03. These are reported observations near the end of the full file, outside an opening eight-second excerpt. They do not establish the bird’s intent or a universal call meaning.

Source group: Companion / contact. This is a metadata grouping, not a reviewed call meaning or an individual bird ID.

What to compare in the sound picture

Look for gaps between marks and where frequency bands appear over time. Files have different lengths and recording levels; the pictures do not share a calibrated loudness scale. A similar-looking mark does not establish similar intent. Pause freely and describe what you notice without assigning a message.

XC69128 · American crow

46.5 seconds · full original

Catalog note: The recordist reports seeing the bird. No further behavior note is supplied in this catalog.

Open XC69128 · American crow: audio, sound picture and source

XC69128 · American crow

Field recording · 47 seconds
Frequency over time for xc69128 · american crow. Read the source notes below for the archive's description.
Read left to right as time passes; higher marks represent higher frequencies. Colour shows recorded energy, not the bird’s intent. Recording levels affect brightness.

Listen now. The observation and replay controls will be ready shortly.

Recording source and limits

Archive identifier: xc69128.

Jonathon Jongsma, 2011-01-06. CC BY-SA 3.0.

Archive description: bird-seen:yes

The group label comes from source metadata. Source observations, where supplied, are the recordist’s account; they are not a reviewed answer key or a translation.

Inspect the original recording and source notes

Open the original sound picture

What this source documents

Jonathon Jongsma · 2011-01-06 · CC BY-SA 3.0

Catalog note: The recordist reports seeing the bird. No further behavior note is supplied in this catalog. These notes may be abridged; inspect the original source.

Source group: Companion / contact. This is a metadata grouping, not a reviewed call meaning or an individual bird ID.

What to compare in the sound picture

Look for gaps between marks and where frequency bands appear over time. Files have different lengths and recording levels; the pictures do not share a calibrated loudness scale. A similar-looking mark does not establish similar intent. Pause freely and describe what you notice without assigning a message.

XC115429 · American crow

34.2 seconds · full original

Catalog note: Soft rattling calls given at approximately 10m from microphone, and at least one 'coo' sound around 0:27.

Open XC115429 · American crow: audio, sound picture and source

XC115429 · American crow

Field recording · 34 seconds
Frequency over time for xc115429 · american crow. Read the source notes below for the archive's description.
Read left to right as time passes; higher marks represent higher frequencies. Colour shows recorded energy, not the bird’s intent. Recording levels affect brightness.

Listen now. The observation and replay controls will be ready shortly.

Recording source and limits

Archive identifier: xc115429.

Jonathon Jongsma, 2012-12-18. CC BY-SA 3.0.

Archive description: Soft rattling calls given at approximately 10m from microphone, and at least one 'coo' sound around 0:27.

The group label comes from source metadata. Source observations, where supplied, are the recordist’s account; they are not a reviewed answer key or a translation.

Inspect the original recording and source notes

Open the original sound picture

What this source documents

Jonathon Jongsma · 2012-12-18 · CC BY-SA 3.0

Catalog note: Soft rattling calls given at approximately 10m from microphone, and at least one 'coo' sound around 0:27. These notes may be abridged; inspect the original source.

Source group: Rattle complex. This is a metadata grouping, not a reviewed call meaning or an individual bird ID.

What to compare in the sound picture

Look for gaps between marks and where frequency bands appear over time. Files have different lengths and recording levels; the pictures do not share a calibrated loudness scale. A similar-looking mark does not establish similar intent. Pause freely and describe what you notice without assigning a message.

XC110263 · American crow

26 seconds · full original

Catalog note: A variety of calls from a small flock of crows high in a stand of pine at a suburban nature preserve.

Open XC110263 · American crow: audio, sound picture and source

XC110263 · American crow

Field recording · 26 seconds
Frequency over time for xc110263 · american crow. Read the source notes below for the archive's description.
Read left to right as time passes; higher marks represent higher frequencies. Colour shows recorded energy, not the bird’s intent. Recording levels affect brightness.

Listen now. The observation and replay controls will be ready shortly.

Recording source and limits

Archive identifier: xc110263.

Jonathon Jongsma, 2012-09-15. CC BY-SA 3.0.

Archive description: A variety of calls from a small flock of crows high in a stand of pine at a suburban nature preserve.

The group label comes from source metadata. Source observations, where supplied, are the recordist’s account; they are not a reviewed answer key or a translation.

Inspect the original recording and source notes

Open the original sound picture

What this source documents

Jonathon Jongsma · 2012-09-15 · CC BY-SA 3.0

Catalog note: A variety of calls from a small flock of crows high in a stand of pine at a suburban nature preserve. These notes may be abridged; inspect the original source.

Source group: Assembly / flock. This is a metadata grouping, not a reviewed call meaning or an individual bird ID.

What to compare in the sound picture

Look for gaps between marks and where frequency bands appear over time. Files have different lengths and recording levels; the pictures do not share a calibrated loudness scale. A similar-looking mark does not establish similar intent. Pause freely and describe what you notice without assigning a message.

XC80525 · American crow

28.9 seconds · full original

Catalog note: higher-pitched begging calls from a juvenile, and some adult calls

Open XC80525 · American crow: audio, sound picture and source

XC80525 · American crow

Field recording · 29 seconds
Frequency over time for xc80525 · american crow. Read the source notes below for the archive's description.
Read left to right as time passes; higher marks represent higher frequencies. Colour shows recorded energy, not the bird’s intent. Recording levels affect brightness.

Listen now. The observation and replay controls will be ready shortly.

Recording source and limits

Archive identifier: xc80525.

Jonathon Jongsma, 2011-06-09. CC BY-SA 3.0.

Archive description: higher-pitched begging calls from a juvenile, and some adult calls

The group label comes from source metadata. Source observations, where supplied, are the recordist’s account; they are not a reviewed answer key or a translation.

Inspect the original recording and source notes

Open the original sound picture

What this source documents

Jonathon Jongsma · 2011-06-09 · CC BY-SA 3.0

Catalog note: higher-pitched begging calls from a juvenile, and some adult calls These notes may be abridged; inspect the original source.

Source group: Juvenile begging. This is a metadata grouping, not a reviewed call meaning or an individual bird ID.

What to compare in the sound picture

Look for gaps between marks and where frequency bands appear over time. Files have different lengths and recording levels; the pictures do not share a calibrated loudness scale. A similar-looking mark does not establish similar intent. Pause freely and describe what you notice without assigning a message.

XC91560 · American crow

35.2 seconds · full original

Catalog note: rather atypical call. Lone bird calling from a tree in an urban park.

Open XC91560 · American crow: audio, sound picture and source

XC91560 · American crow

Field recording · 35 seconds
Frequency over time for xc91560 · american crow. Read the source notes below for the archive's description.
Read left to right as time passes; higher marks represent higher frequencies. Colour shows recorded energy, not the bird’s intent. Recording levels affect brightness.

Listen now. The observation and replay controls will be ready shortly.

Recording source and limits

Archive identifier: xc91560.

Jonathon Jongsma, 2011-12-16. CC BY-SA 3.0.

Archive description: rather atypical call. Lone bird calling from a tree in an urban park.

The group label comes from source metadata. Source observations, where supplied, are the recordist’s account; they are not a reviewed answer key or a translation.

Inspect the original recording and source notes

Open the original sound picture

What this source documents

Jonathon Jongsma · 2011-12-16 · CC BY-SA 3.0

Catalog note: rather atypical call. Lone bird calling from a tree in an urban park. These notes may be abridged; inspect the original source.

Source group: Exceptional / atypical. This is a metadata grouping, not a reviewed call meaning or an individual bird ID.

What to compare in the sound picture

Look for gaps between marks and where frequency bands appear over time. Files have different lengths and recording levels; the pictures do not share a calibrated loudness scale. A similar-looking mark does not establish similar intent. Pause freely and describe what you notice without assigning a message.

XC121396 · American crow

152.6 seconds · full original

Catalog note: A small group of crows (10-15) perched above me in a large cottonwood tree and screaming down at me. Periodically one or two would launch into the air and circ…

Open XC121396 · American crow: audio, sound picture and source

XC121396 · American crow

Field recording · 153 seconds
Frequency over time for xc121396 · american crow. Read the source notes below for the archive's description.
Read left to right as time passes; higher marks represent higher frequencies. Colour shows recorded energy, not the bird’s intent. Recording levels affect brightness.

Listen now. The observation and replay controls will be ready shortly.

Recording source and limits

Archive identifier: xc121396.

Jonathon Jongsma, 2013-02-10. CC BY-SA 3.0.

Archive description: A small group of crows (10-15) perched above me in a large cottonwood tree and screaming down at me. Periodically one or two would launch into the air and circle above me while calling. Several others flew in to join

The group label comes from source metadata. Source observations, where supplied, are the recordist’s account; they are not a reviewed answer key or a translation.

Inspect the original recording and source notes

Open the original sound picture

What this source documents

Jonathon Jongsma · 2013-02-10 · CC BY-SA 3.0

Catalog note: A small group of crows (10-15) perched above me in a large cottonwood tree and screaming down at me. Periodically one or two would launch into the air and circ… These notes may be abridged; inspect the original source.

Source group: Mobbing / scolding. This is a metadata grouping, not a reviewed call meaning or an individual bird ID.

What to compare in the sound picture

Look for gaps between marks and where frequency bands appear over time. Files have different lengths and recording levels; the pictures do not share a calibrated loudness scale. A similar-looking mark does not establish similar intent. Pause freely and describe what you notice without assigning a message.

XC155441 · American crow

229.8 seconds · full original

Catalog note: Calls from an autumn flock of approximately 50 birds in a urban park. In addition to the standard 'caw' calls, there are several rattles, and a few soft, double…

Open XC155441 · American crow: audio, sound picture and source

XC155441 · American crow

Field recording · 230 seconds
Frequency over time for xc155441 · american crow. Read the source notes below for the archive's description.
Read left to right as time passes; higher marks represent higher frequencies. Colour shows recorded energy, not the bird’s intent. Recording levels affect brightness.

Listen now. The observation and replay controls will be ready shortly.

Recording source and limits

Archive identifier: xc155441.

Jonathon Jongsma, 2013-11-18. CC BY-SA 3.0.

Archive description: Calls from an autumn flock of approximately 50 birds in a urban park. In addition to the standard 'caw' calls, there are several rattles, and a few soft, doubled hooting calls (e.g. 0:58, 1:06, 3:31) from a bird directl

The group label comes from source metadata. Source observations, where supplied, are the recordist’s account; they are not a reviewed answer key or a translation.

Inspect the original recording and source notes

Open the original sound picture

What this source documents

Jonathon Jongsma · 2013-11-18 · CC BY-SA 3.0

Catalog note: Calls from an autumn flock of approximately 50 birds in a urban park. In addition to the standard 'caw' calls, there are several rattles, and a few soft, double… These notes may be abridged; inspect the original source.

Source group: Rattle complex. This is a metadata grouping, not a reviewed call meaning or an individual bird ID.

What to compare in the sound picture

Look for gaps between marks and where frequency bands appear over time. Files have different lengths and recording levels; the pictures do not share a calibrated loudness scale. A similar-looking mark does not establish similar intent. Pause freely and describe what you notice without assigning a message.

XC155440 · American crow

200.5 seconds · full original

Catalog note: Calls from a flock of approximately 30 birds in a large elm tree in residential neighborhood.

Open XC155440 · American crow: audio, sound picture and source

XC155440 · American crow

Field recording · 201 seconds
Frequency over time for xc155440 · american crow. Read the source notes below for the archive's description.
Read left to right as time passes; higher marks represent higher frequencies. Colour shows recorded energy, not the bird’s intent. Recording levels affect brightness.

Listen now. The observation and replay controls will be ready shortly.

Recording source and limits

Archive identifier: xc155440.

Jonathon Jongsma, 2013-11-08. CC BY-SA 3.0.

Archive description: Calls from a flock of approximately 30 birds in a large elm tree in residential neighborhood.

The group label comes from source metadata. Source observations, where supplied, are the recordist’s account; they are not a reviewed answer key or a translation.

Inspect the original recording and source notes

Open the original sound picture

What this source documents

Jonathon Jongsma · 2013-11-08 · CC BY-SA 3.0

Catalog note: Calls from a flock of approximately 30 birds in a large elm tree in residential neighborhood. These notes may be abridged; inspect the original source.

Source group: Assembly / flock. This is a metadata grouping, not a reviewed call meaning or an individual bird ID.

What to compare in the sound picture

Look for gaps between marks and where frequency bands appear over time. Files have different lengths and recording levels; the pictures do not share a calibrated loudness scale. A similar-looking mark does not establish similar intent. Pause freely and describe what you notice without assigning a message.

XC164832 · American crow

540.6 seconds · full original

Catalog note: Calls from an urban roosting flock of perhaps 20000 in the trees around my house. An amazing experience. Entire trees dripping with crows. Periodically a tre…

Open XC164832 · American crow: audio, sound picture and source

XC164832 · American crow

Field recording · 541 seconds
Frequency over time for xc164832 · american crow. Read the source notes below for the archive's description.
Read left to right as time passes; higher marks represent higher frequencies. Colour shows recorded energy, not the bird’s intent. Recording levels affect brightness.

Listen now. The observation and replay controls will be ready shortly.

Recording source and limits

Archive identifier: xc164832.

Jonathon Jongsma, 2014-01-17. CC BY-SA 3.0.

Archive description: Calls from an urban roosting flock of perhaps 20000 in the trees around my house. An amazing experience. Entire trees dripping with crows. Periodically a tree would explode into a swirling crow vortex. Significantly

The group label comes from source metadata. Source observations, where supplied, are the recordist’s account; they are not a reviewed answer key or a translation.

Inspect the original recording and source notes

Open the original sound picture

What this source documents

Jonathon Jongsma · 2014-01-17 · CC BY-SA 3.0

Catalog note: Calls from an urban roosting flock of perhaps 20000 in the trees around my house. An amazing experience. Entire trees dripping with crows. Periodically a tre… These notes may be abridged; inspect the original source.

Source group: Assembly / flock. This is a metadata grouping, not a reviewed call meaning or an individual bird ID.

What to compare in the sound picture

Look for gaps between marks and where frequency bands appear over time. Files have different lengths and recording levels; the pictures do not share a calibrated loudness scale. A similar-looking mark does not establish similar intent. Pause freely and describe what you notice without assigning a message.

XC164831 · American crow

224 seconds · full original

Catalog note: Calls from an urban roosting flock of perhaps 20000 in the trees around my house. Not the greatest recording, but a fantastic experience. Entire trees drippi…

Open XC164831 · American crow: audio, sound picture and source

XC164831 · American crow

Field recording · 224 seconds
Frequency over time for xc164831 · american crow. Read the source notes below for the archive's description.
Read left to right as time passes; higher marks represent higher frequencies. Colour shows recorded energy, not the bird’s intent. Recording levels affect brightness.

Listen now. The observation and replay controls will be ready shortly.

Recording source and limits

Archive identifier: xc164831.

Jonathon Jongsma, 2014-01-16. CC BY-SA 3.0.

Archive description: Calls from an urban roosting flock of perhaps 20000 in the trees around my house. Not the greatest recording, but a fantastic experience. Entire trees dripping with crows. Most of the birds are roosting quietly, som

The group label comes from source metadata. Source observations, where supplied, are the recordist’s account; they are not a reviewed answer key or a translation.

Inspect the original recording and source notes

Open the original sound picture

What this source documents

Jonathon Jongsma · 2014-01-16 · CC BY-SA 3.0

Catalog note: Calls from an urban roosting flock of perhaps 20000 in the trees around my house. Not the greatest recording, but a fantastic experience. Entire trees drippi… These notes may be abridged; inspect the original source.

Source group: Assembly / flock. This is a metadata grouping, not a reviewed call meaning or an individual bird ID.

What to compare in the sound picture

Look for gaps between marks and where frequency bands appear over time. Files have different lengths and recording levels; the pictures do not share a calibrated loudness scale. A similar-looking mark does not establish similar intent. Pause freely and describe what you notice without assigning a message.

American crow in Southern California

13.1 seconds · full original

Catalog note: Recorded in Southern California

Open American crow in Southern California: audio, sound picture and source

American crow in Southern California

Field recording · 13 seconds
Frequency over time for american crow in southern california. Read the source notes below for the archive's description.
Read left to right as time passes; higher marks represent higher frequencies. Colour shows recorded energy, not the bird’s intent. Recording levels affect brightness.

Listen now. The observation and replay controls will be ready shortly.

Recording source and limits

Archive identifier: american-crow-in-spring.

Morez882, 2020-02-05. CC BY-SA 4.0.

Archive description: Recorded in Southern California

The group label comes from source metadata. Source observations, where supplied, are the recordist’s account; they are not a reviewed answer key or a translation.

Inspect the original recording and source notes

Open the original sound picture

What this source documents

Morez882 · 2020-02-05 · CC BY-SA 4.0

Catalog note: Recorded in Southern California These notes may be abridged; inspect the original source.

Source group: Territorial caw. This is a metadata grouping, not a reviewed call meaning or an individual bird ID.

What to compare in the sound picture

Look for gaps between marks and where frequency bands appear over time. Files have different lengths and recording levels; the pictures do not share a calibrated loudness scale. A similar-looking mark does not establish similar intent. Pause freely and describe what you notice without assigning a message.

The recording catalog below is ready to browse.

Inline glossary

The Atlas, in plain English.

Embedding
A list of numbers a model uses to describe a sound. This Atlas has not computed embeddings.
Latent space
A way to compare those lists of numbers. In measured data, nearby points may be similar; this map’s positions are illustrative.
UMAP
A method that turns many measurements into a two-dimensional picture. It was not run on these recordings.
Cluster
A group of similar examples in an analysis. Here, labels are editorial groups based on source notes.
Bridge point
A point between groups. These bridge points are synthetic illustrations, not measured variation.
Context
What was happening around the bird. Some source notes include isolated timestamped observations, but this catalog is not a standardized behavioral dataset. The map’s displayed weights do not establish a bird’s behavior.

The deep methodology lives at Latent Space 101 and NatureLM-audio.

Frequently asked

What people ask about this.

How do I find a short crow recording?

Use the recording length filter to show originals up to 30 seconds, or order the catalog shortest first. Search matches the visible source text, creator and archive ID. A short file is easier to revisit; it is not stronger evidence of a call’s meaning.

What does comparing two recordings establish?

It lets you alternate between two originals and inspect their sound pictures and documented sources. The comparison does not calculate similarity, classifier confidence, call meaning or individual identity. Recording levels and file lengths differ, so picture brightness is not calibrated bird loudness. Source labels remain unreviewed acoustic descriptions.

What is the vocal map?

The vocal map is an educational illustration. Bright dots open archival recordings with real spectrograms. Groups are assigned from source metadata; all coordinates and context weights are illustrative. No embedding model, UMAP, or classifier was run on this corpus.

What is UMAP?

UMAP is uniform manifold approximation and projection — a non-linear dimensionality reducer that flattens high-dimensional embeddings to two dimensions while preserving local neighborhood structure. UMAP is described as a possible method; this atlas uses seeded illustrative coordinates instead.

Are the cluster boundaries discovered or assigned?

The current atlas uses nine editorial groups inspired by descriptive literature. Recording assignments use source metadata. These groups were not discovered by HDBSCAN and are not a validated count of the species' vocal categories.